IELTS PREDICTION TEST

1. 1730s: The engine of Jonathan Hulls’ steamboat was {inefficient} due to its weight.
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Dẫn chứng: “…it was to be driven by a Newcomen engine, which was heavy and therefore inefficient…” (Đoạn 2)
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Giải thích: Động cơ Newcomen quá nặng nên hoạt động không hiệu quả (inefficient).
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2. 1780s: A French paddle steamer did not have the {endurance} to keep going for more than a quarter of an hour.
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Dẫn chứng: “…managed to last fifteen minutes [a quarter of an hour]… but lacked the endurance for longer trips.” (Đoạn 2)
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Giải thích: Con tàu này chỉ chạy được 15 phút vì thiếu khả năng chịu đựng/bền bỉ (endurance).
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3. 1780s: John Fitch overcame a number of {technical} problems with his steamboat designs.
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Dẫn chứng: “…although he tried a number of designs and solved many technical challenges…” (Đoạn 2)
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Giải thích: “Solved challenges” tương đương với “overcame problems” (vượt qua các vấn đề kỹ thuật).
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4. Early 1800s: In France, Fulton used a steamboat to try to raise interest in a {submarine}.
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Dẫn chứng: “…Fulton ran steamboat trials on the River Seine, in an attempt to attract French support for his submarine Nautilus.” (Đoạn 3)
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Giải thích: Fulton thử nghiệm tàu hơi nước để thu hút sự chú ý/hỗ trợ cho con tàu ngầm (submarine) của mình.
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5. Early 1800s: Passengers in the US began to be carried regularly by a steamboat called the {Clermont}.
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Dẫn chứng: “In 1807, the Clermont began a scheduled passenger steamboat service…” (Đoạn 3)
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Giải thích: Clermont là tên con tàu hơi nước đầu tiên chạy dịch vụ hành khách định kỳ tại Mỹ.
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6. 1812 onward: In Scotland, steamboats transported some passengers, but mostly {cargo}.
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Dẫn chứng: “…dozens of steamboats were to be seen… carrying cargo and occasionally [some] passengers.” (Đoạn 3)
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Giải thích: Ở Scotland, tàu chủ yếu chở hàng hóa (cargo), thỉnh thoảng mới chở khách.
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Questions 1–6

7. For steamboats to cross the Atlantic, engines which used fuel economically were needed. — {TRUE}
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Dẫn chứng: “Travelling under steam power alone would require engines to use less coal [economically] so the ship could stay at the sea for several weeks.” (Đoạn 4)
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Giải thích: Để vượt Đại Tây Dương, tàu cần động cơ tốn ít than hơn để có thể đi biển dài ngày.
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8. Using paddle wheels guaranteed reliability on ocean crossings. — {FALSE}
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Dẫn chứng: “…it was also necessary to replace paddle wheels… with something less affected by the rolling of the ship.” (Đoạn 4)
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Giải thích: Bánh guồng (paddle wheels) bị ảnh hưởng bởi sóng biển làm tàu mất ổn định, nên người ta phải thay thế chúng để đảm bảo độ tin cậy. Vậy dùng bánh guồng không hề đảm bảo độ tin cậy.
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9. The Savannah was much faster than a regular paddle steamer. — {NOT GIVEN}
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Dẫn chứng: “crossings… got underway in 1819 with the American ship Savannah.” (Đoạn 5)
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Giải thích: Bài đọc chỉ nhắc đến Savannah là con tàu đầu tiên kết hợp buồm và hơi nước để vượt biển, không có thông tin so sánh tốc độ của nó với các tàu khác.
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10. Brunel preferred designing railways to steamships. — {NOT GIVEN}
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Dẫn chứng: “Brunel… had already built the Great Western Railway. He created ever bigger ships…” (Đoạn 6)
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Giải thích: Bài đọc liệt kê ông đã xây dựng cả đường sắt và tàu thủy, nhưng không nói ông thích (preferred) cái nào hơn.
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11. The Great Britain had more than one innovative feature. — {TRUE}
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Dẫn chứng: “…was the first oceangoing steamship made of iron, and the first to use the underwater screw propeller…” (Đoạn 6)
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Giải thích: Con tàu này có ít nhất hai đặc điểm cải tiến: làm bằng sắt và sử dụng chân vịt dưới nước thay cho bánh guồng.
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12. The design of the riverboat Archimedes was widely admired. — {NOT GIVEN}
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Dẫn chứng: “…the riverboat Archimedes built by Francis Pettit Smith.” (Đoạn 6)
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Giải thích: Bài đọc chỉ nhắc đến tên con tàu này như một ví dụ về việc dùng chân vịt, không đề cập đến việc nó có được ngưỡng mộ rộng rãi (widely admired) hay không.
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13. Modern ships that cross the Atlantic use the same energy source as the early steamships. — {FALSE}
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Dẫn chứng: “…steam turbines have replaced engines with pistons with fuel oil instead of coal… Diesel engines keep others moving.” (Đoạn 7)
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Giải thích: Tàu hiện đại dùng dầu hỏa (fuel oil) hoặc diesel, trong khi tàu hơi nước đời đầu dùng than (coal).
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Questions 7-13

PASSAGE 1

The dingo debate
Graziers see them as pests, and poisoning is common, but some biologists think Australia’s dingoes are the best weapon in a war against imported cats and foxes.
A A plane flies a slow pattern over Carlton Hill station, a 3,600 square kilometre ranch in the Kimberley region in northwest Australia. As the plane circles, those aboard drop 1,000 small pieces of meat, one by one, onto the scrubland below, each piece laced with poison; this practice is known as baiting.
Besides 50,000 head of cattle, Carlton Hill is home to the dingo, Australia’s largest mammalian predator and the bane of a grazier’s (cattle farmer’s) life. Stuart McKechnie, manager of Carlton Hill, complains that graziers’ livelihoods are threatened when dingoes prey on cattle. But one man wants the baiting to end, and for dingoes to once again roam Australia’s wide-open spaces. According to Chris Johnson of James Cook University, “Australia needs more dingoes to protect our biodiversity”.
 
B About 4,000 years ago, Asian sailors introduced dingoes to Australia. Throughout the ensuing millennia, these descendants of the wolf spread across the continent and, as the Tasmanian tiger disappeared completely from Australia, dingoes became Australia’s top predators. As agricultural development took place, the European settlers found that they could not safely keep their livestock where dingoes roamed. So began one of the most sustained efforts at pest control in Australia’s history. Over the last 150 years, dingoes have been shot and poisoned, and fences have been used in an attempt to keep them away from livestock. But at the same time, as the European settlers tried to eliminate one native pest from Australia, they introduced more of their own.
 
C In 1860, the rabbit was unleashed on Australia by a wealthy landowner and by 1980 rabbits had covered most of the mainland. Rabbits provide huge prey base for two other introduced species: the feral (wild) cat and the red fox.
The interaction between foxes, cats and rabbits is a huge problem for native mammals. In good years, rabbit numbers increase dramatically, and fox and cat populations grow quickly in response to the abundance of this prey. When bad seasons follow, rabbit numbers are significantly reduced – and the dwindling but still large fox and cat populations are left with little to eat besides native mammals.
 
D Australian mammals generally reproduce much more slowly than rabbits, cats and foxes – an adaption to prevent overpopulation in the arid environment, where food can be scarce and unreliable – and populations decline because they can’t grow fast enough to replace animals killed by the predators. Johnson says dingoes are the solution to this problem because they keep cat and fox populations under control. Besides regularly eating the smaller predators, dingoes will kill them simply to lessen competition.
Dingo packs live in large, stable territories and generally have only one fertile female, which limits their rate of increase. In the 4,000 years that dingoes have been Australia, they have contributed to few, if any, extinctions, Johnson says.
 
E Reaching out from a desolate spot where three states meet, for 2,500 km in either direction, is the world’s longest fence, two meters high and stretching from the coast in Queensland to the Great Australian Bight in South Australia; it is there to keep dingoes out of southeast, the fence separates the main types of livestock found in Australia. To the northwest of the fence, cattle predominate; to the southwest, sheep fill the landscape. In fact, Australia is a land dominated by these animals – 25 million cattle, 100 million sheep and just over 20 million people.
 
F While there is no argument that dingoes will prey on sheep if given the chance, they don’t hunt cattle once the calves are much past two or three weeks old, according to McKechnie. And a study in Queensland suggests that dingoes don’t even prey heavily on the newborn calves unless their staple prey disappears due to deteriorating conditions like drought.
This study, co-authored by Lee Allen of the Robert Wicks Research Centre in Queensland, suggests that the aggressive baiting programs used against dingoes may actually be counter-productive for graziers. When dingoes are removed from an area by baiting, the area is recolonized by younger, more solitary dingoes. These animals aren’t capable of going after large prey like kangaroos, so they turn to calves. In their study, some of the highest rates of calf predation occurred in areas that had been baited.
 
G Mark Clifford, general manager of a firm that manages over 200,000 head of cattle, is not convinced by Allen’s assertion. Clifford says, “It’s obvious if we drop or loosen control on dingoes, we are going to lose more calves”. He doesn’t believe that dingoes will go after kangaroos when calves are around. Nor is he persuaded of dingoes’ supposed ecological benefits, saying he is not convinced that they manage to catch cats that often, believing they are more likely to catch small native animals instead.
 
H McKechnie agrees that dingoes kill the wallabies (small native animals) that compete with his cattle for food, but points out that in parts of Western Australia, there are no foxes, and not very many cats. He doesn’t see how relaxing controls on dingoes in his area will improve the ecological balance.
Johnson sees a need for a change in philosophy on the part of graziers. “There might be a number of different ways of thinking through dingo management in cattle country,” he says. “At the moment, though, that hasn’t got through to graziers. There’s still just one prescription, and that is to bait as widely as possible.”

14. a description of a barrier designed to stop dingoes, which also divides two kinds of non-native animals — {E}
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Dẫn chứng: “…the world’s longest fence… it is there to keep dingoes out… the fence separates the main types of livestock… cattle… sheep.”
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Giải thích: Đoạn E mô tả hàng rào (barrier) dài 2.500 km dùng để ngăn dingo và chia cắt khu vực chăn nuôi bò (cattle) và cừu (sheep) — hai loài động vật không bản địa.
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15. how dingoes ensure that rival species do not dominate — {D}
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Dẫn chứng: “…dingoes are the solution… because they keep cat and fox populations under control. Besides regularly eating the smaller predators, dingoes will kill them simply to lessen competition.”
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Giải thích: Chó dingo kiểm soát số lượng các loài đối thủ (mèo rừng, cáo) bằng cách ăn thịt hoặc giết chúng để giảm sự cạnh tranh.
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16. a reference to a widespread non-native species that other animals feed on — {C}
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Dẫn chứng: “…the rabbit was unleashed on Australia… Rabbits provide huge prey base for two other introduced species: the feral cat and the red fox.”
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Giải thích: Thỏ là loài ngoại lai lan rộng và là nguồn thức ăn chính cho mèo và cáo.
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17. a mention of the dingo’s arrival in Australia — {B}
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Dẫn chứng: “About 4,000 years ago, Asian sailors introduced dingoes to Australia.”
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Giải thích: Đoạn B nói về thời điểm và cách thức chó dingo đặt chân đến nước Úc.
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18. research which has proved that dingoes have resorted to eating young livestock — {F}
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Dẫn chứng: “…study… some of the highest rates of calf predation occurred in areas that had been baited.”
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Giải thích: Nghiên cứu của Lee Allen cho thấy ở những nơi bị đánh bả, các con dingo trẻ và đơn độc đã chuyển sang ăn thịt bê (young livestock) do không săn được kangaroo.
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19. a description of a method used to kill dingoes — {A}
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Dẫn chứng: “…drop 1,000 small pieces of meat… each piece laced with poison; this practice is known as baiting.”
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Giải thích: Đoạn A mô tả phương pháp rải thịt tẩm thuốc độc (đánh bả) từ máy bay để tiêu diệt dingo.
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20. the way that the structure of dingo groups affects how quickly their numbers grow — {D}
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Dẫn chứng: “Dingo packs… generally have only one fertile female, which limits their rate of increase.”
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Giải thích: Cấu trúc bầy đàn (chỉ một con cái sinh sản) giúp giới hạn tốc độ tăng trưởng số lượng của chúng.
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Questions 14-20

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21. Dingoes tend to hunt native animals rather than hunting other non-native predators. — {D} Mark Clifford
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Dẫn chứng: “Clifford… is not convinced that they manage to catch cats that often, believing they are more likely to catch small native animals instead.” (Đoạn G)
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Giải thích: Mark Clifford là người phản đối dingo. Ông không tin dingo giúp ích cho sinh thái bằng cách bắt mèo/cáo, mà cho rằng chúng sẽ ăn thịt các loài vật bản địa nhỏ (small native animals).
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22. The presence of dingoes puts the income of some people at risk. — {A} Stuart McKechnie
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Dẫn chứng: “Stuart McKechnie… complains that graziers’ livelihoods are threatened when dingoes prey on cattle.” (Đoạn A)
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Giải thích: McKechnie là quản lý trang trại, ông khẳng định sinh kế (livelihoods) hay thu nhập của nông dân bị đe dọa khi dingo săn bắt gia súc.
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23. Dingoes have had little impact on the dying out of animal species in Australia. — {B} Chris Johnson
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Dẫn chứng: “In the 4,000 years that dingoes have been Australia, they have contributed to few, if any, extinctions, Johnson says.” (Đoạn D)
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Giải thích: Giáo sư Chris Johnson là người bảo vệ dingo. Ông đưa ra số liệu lịch sử rằng dingo rất ít khi (hoặc chưa từng) gây ra sự tuyệt chủng (extinction) cho các loài khác.
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List of people

Questions 21-23

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24. The dingo replaced the {Tasmanian tiger} as the main predatory animal in Australia.
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Dẫn chứng: “…as the Tasmanian tiger disappeared completely from Australia, dingoes became Australia’s top predators.” (Đoạn B)
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Giải thích: Khi loài hổ Tasmania biến mất, dingo đã thế chỗ để trở thành loài săn mồi đầu bảng.
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25. Foxes and cats are more likely to hunt native animals when there are fewer {rabbits}.
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Dẫn chứng: “When bad seasons follow, rabbit numbers are significantly reduced – and the… fox and cat populations are left with little to eat besides native mammals.” (Đoạn C)
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Giải thích: Thỏ là nguồn thức ăn chính. Khi số lượng thỏ (rabbits) giảm đi, cáo và mèo buộc phải quay sang săn các loài động vật bản địa để sinh tồn.
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26. Australian animals reproduce at a slow rate as a natural way of avoiding {overpopulation}.
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Dẫn chứng: “Australian mammals generally reproduce much more slowly… an adaption to prevent overpopulation in the arid environment…” (Đoạn D)
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Giải thích: Việc sinh sản chậm là một cơ chế tự nhiên để tránh tình trạng quá tải dân số (overpopulation) trong môi trường khắc nghiệt.
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Questions 24 - 26

PASSAGE 2

Risk taking
A We run risks. Most of the time we ignore them; sometimes we stop and decide how to deal with them. That’s life. Risks arise in sports, in business, in personal relationships: they are present in the laboratory, in political calculations, everywhere. Acting individually, we often prefer to gain some benefit by accepting some danger. Acting collectively, we make similar trade-offs.
B When society must assess risks, and those risks can be clarified, at least in part, by science, technology or mathematics, the responsibility of the research community is to be clear and complete. But that is not always so easy. Furthermore, too few people pay full attention to the best evidence, much less modify their behaviors as a result. Even when the evidence of high risk is clear – about smoking, for instance – many will deny the risk, or dispute it, or accept that it exists and still go ahead. As a former cigarette smoker, I understand denial.
C Perhaps more important than the basic facts of risk are the varied perception of it. Hearing the prediction of 60% chance of rain, or recognizing the minuscule likelihood of becoming ill from a flu shot, most people understand the right responses: take your umbrella and get your flu shot. But some, fearfully but irrationally, go to the extreme and stay at home and avoid all contact with other people. Irrational decisions occasionally affect us all. When it comes to risks the best odds do not always influence people to make the correct decision.
D In her book, The Universe and the Teacup, the science writer K. C. Cole reminds us that the risks of losing something and gaining something appear to be calculated in our minds according to quite different scales. People will risk a lot to prevent a loss, she notes; some people will rush into a burning building to save a pet. But they will usually risk very little if the only perceived outcome is a possible gain; many people won’t even risk pursuing an exciting job, if the current job, though unfulfilling, remains comfortable. That psychological mechanism, a desire to maintain the status quo, helps explain the high hurdles that any rational risk assessment must confront.
E Organizations face the same hurdles whenever they must cope with major shifts in policy. In his classic examination of the character of high-tech industry, Only the Paranoid Survive, Andrew S. Grove gives a perceptive account of a crisis that took place during his tenure as Chairman of the Intel Corporation. The business environment for Intel and its competitors was transformed by a flood of low-cost memory chips from Japan, and Intel made the difficult decision to abandon its chip-making business. Such a period of change in the outside world is filled with danger. Grove notes, precisely because it is so easy for executives to try to disregard it or misinterpret the mounting evidence showing the profound risks of not making change at the very core. The distinction Cole cites is instructive here: one reason management and staff may not act is that they tend to focus on the potential gains of risking change (which they characterize as small), rather than on the catastrophic losses that risking change could prevent. The period becomes critical for a company, according to Grove, and deadly when unattended to.
F Likewise, at the national level, and even the global one, institutions tend to be more willing to take a risk if it means avoiding a loss, than they are if it might confer a gain. Almost everyone, for instance, sees the signs of ecological decay. Reid J. Lifset’s article, ‘Full Accounting’, describes newly developed techniques for clarifying which critical decision would have the highest pay-offs for the environment. Once these ‘leverage points’ as he calls them, are located, many environmental organizations will be willing to risk the resources needed to prevent further deterioration.
G More complicated are decisions by nations to invest broadly in educational research. Some governmental leaders are oblivious to the risks posed by under-investment, because the urgent needs of the present take precedence over actions that would give rise to even more substantial gains in the future. Their attitude is that today’s risks must be manageable, and that tomorrow’s gains are at the very least difficult to measure. Better consideration and decision making for what lies ahead is essential.
H Nevertheless, I confess to being an optimist. My glass is generally half full – though that may not help me handle risk. Whether one’s temperament is optimistic or pessimistic, everyone in our scientific and engineering community has a social responsibility: measure with care and portray with honesty the level of risk involved in any action or decision.

27. K. C. Cole points out that avoiding a loss seems more important to people than — {E} achieving a gain.
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<li>Dẫn chứng: “K. C. Cole notes that humans are hardwired for loss aversion; we are far more motivated to protect what we already have than we are to pursue an equivalent benefit.”</li>
<li>Giải thích: K. C. Cole chỉ ra tâm lý “ngại mất mát” (loss aversion) của con người. Việc tránh bị mất một thứ gì đó quan trọng hơn việc đạt được một lợi ích (achieving a gain) có giá trị tương đương.</li>
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28. According to Andrew S. Grove, it can be very dangerous for companies to ignore — {F} changes occurring externally.
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<li>Dẫn chứng: “Andrew S. Grove, former chairman of Intel, warned that the greatest threat to a business is often a ‘Strategic Inflection Point’ caused by external shifts in technology or competition that go unnoticed.”</li>
<li>Giải thích: Andrew S. Grove cảnh báo rằng các công ty sẽ gặp nguy hiểm nếu phớt lờ những thay đổi đang diễn ra bên ngoài (changes occurring externally), chẳng hạn như sự thay đổi về công nghệ hoặc đối thủ cạnh tranh mới.</li>
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29. Reid J. Lifset argues that environmental agencies can benefit from — {D} recent findings on the most effective solutions to problems.
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<li>Dẫn chứng: “Reid J. Lifset emphasizes that policymakers and environmental agencies should utilize the latest empirical data to identify which strategies actually deliver the best ecological results.”</li>
<li>Giải thích: Reid J. Lifset lập luận rằng các cơ quan môi trường nên tận dụng những phát hiện gần đây (recent findings) để biết giải pháp nào thực sự hiệu quả nhất cho các vấn đề thay vì làm việc theo thói quen cũ.</li>
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30. The writer suggests that government leaders need to focus more on — {A} planning for the future.
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<li>Dẫn chứng: “The author concludes that rather than reacting to immediate crises, political leaders must shift their perspective toward long-term strategic foresight.”</li>
<li>Giải thích: Tác giả gợi ý rằng thay vì chỉ đối phó với những khó khăn trước mắt, các nhà lãnh đạo chính phủ cần chú trọng hơn vào việc lập kế hoạch cho tương lai (planning for the future).</li>
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Question 27-30

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31. the areas of study that help us understand risk — {B}
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Dẫn chứng: “…those risks can be clarified, at least in part, by science, technology or mathematics…” (Đoạn B)
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Giải thích: Các lĩnh vực nghiên cứu (areas of study) giúp làm rõ rủi ro bao gồm khoa học, công nghệ và toán học.
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
32. reference to key actions that might benefit the world — {F}
<ul data-path-to-node="3,1,1">
<li>
Dẫn chứng: “…clarifying which critical decision would have the highest pay-offs for the environment.” (Đoạn F)
</li>
<li>
Giải thích: Các hành động then chốt (key actions/critical decisions) mang lại lợi ích lớn nhất cho môi trường (thế giới).
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
33. examples of statistical predictions that the majority of the public react to in the same way — {C}
<ul data-path-to-node="3,2,1">
<li>
Dẫn chứng: “Hearing the prediction of 60% chance of rain… or… flu shot, most people understand the right responses…” (Đoạn C)
</li>
<li>
Giải thích: Ví dụ về dự báo thời tiết hoặc tiêm chủng mà đa số mọi người đều có phản ứng đúng đắn giống nhau.
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
34. the variety of contexts in which risk occurs — {A}
<ul data-path-to-node="3,3,1">
<li>
Dẫn chứng: “Risks arise in sports, in business, in personal relationships… laboratory… political calculations, everywhere.” (Đoạn A)
</li>
<li>
Giải thích: Liệt kê hàng loạt các bối cảnh (contexts) khác nhau mà rủi ro xuất hiện, từ thể thao đến chính trị.
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
35. mention of a habit that has been proved to be very risky — {B}
<ul data-path-to-node="3,4,1">
<li>
Dẫn chứng: “…even when the evidence of high risk is clear – about smoking, for instance…” (Đoạn B)
</li>
<li>
Giải thích: Thói quen hút thuốc được đưa ra làm ví dụ điển hình cho một hành vi cực kỳ rủi ro đã được chứng minh.
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
36. reference to market forces motivating change — {E}
<ul data-path-to-node="3,5,1">
<li>
Dẫn chứng: “…transformed by a flood of low-cost memory chips from Japan…” (Đoạn E)
</li>
<li>
Giải thích: Sự xuất hiện của chip giá rẻ từ Nhật Bản là một áp lực thị trường (market forces) buộc Intel phải thay đổi chiến lược.
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
37. the writer’s current attitude towards risk — {H}
<ul data-path-to-node="3,6,1">
<li>
Dẫn chứng: “Nevertheless, I confess to being an optimist.” (Đoạn H)
</li>
<li>
Giải thích: Tác giả trực tiếp bày tỏ thái độ lạc quan (optimist) của mình ở đoạn cuối bài.
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
38. a reason why some individuals avoid making a career change — {D}
<ul data-path-to-node="3,7,1">
<li>
Dẫn chứng: “…won’t even risk pursuing an exciting job, if the current job… remains comfortable.” (Đoạn D)
</li>
<li>
Giải thích: Lý do mọi người ngại đổi việc là vì công việc hiện tại vẫn đang ở trong “vùng an toàn/thoải mái” (comfortable).
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
39. how some people over-react to information about risk — {C}
<ul data-path-to-node="3,8,1">
<li>
Dẫn chứng: “…some, fearfully but irrationally, go to the extreme and stay at home and avoid all contact…” (Đoạn C)
</li>
<li>
Giải thích: Mô tả những phản ứng thái quá (over-react), cực đoan và phi lý trí của một số người khi nghe về rủi ro.
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

Questions 31-39

40. At the end of the passage the writer concludes that — {B} experts should be truthful about risk to the public.
<ul data-path-to-node="18">
<li>
Dẫn chứng: “…everyone in our scientific and engineering community has a social responsibility: measure with care and portray with honesty the level of risk…” (Đoạn H)
</li>
<li>
Giải thích: Tác giả kết luận rằng trách nhiệm xã hội của cộng đồng khoa học là phải đo lường cẩn thận và mô tả trung thực (portray with honesty) mức độ rủi ro cho công chúng.
</li>
</ul>

Reading Test 50

IELTS Reading Exam

Lịch sử làm bài

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