IELTS PREDICTION TEST

Jethro Tull (1674-1741) – Inventor of the Seed Drill
The English gentleman farmer who revolutionised the practice of agriculture
A    Jethro Tull was a major pioneer in the modernisation of agriculture. He was born in 1674 in Berkshire, southern England, into a family of land-owning gentry. He studied first at Oxford University and then at the Inns of Court, London, in preparation for a legal or political career. However, ill health caused him to postpone these plans, and after qualifying as a barrister in 1699, he made a tour of Europe, in the hope that the milder climates of France and Italy would alleviate his breathing problems. In every country through which he passed, he made careful observations of the soil and agricultural production, and on his return to England, the young Tull married, then began farming with his father at Howberry Farm in Oxfordshire.
B    Tull was determined to improve farming methods and increase crop yield on the family land, and pursued a number of agricultural experiments there. He particularly wanted to increase efficiency in the sowing of seeds. At that time seeds were still thrown by hand across the field in a haphazard manner, in a traditional method known as broadcasting. Tull soon realised this method of random distribution was inefficient, being wasteful of both seed and labour, so he instructed his staff to sow seeds at very precise, low densities. But by 1701, his frustration with their lack of co-operation prompted him to invent a machine to do the work for him.
C    Earlier in his life, Tull had once dismantled a pipe-organ, and the application of the technology behind this musical instrument inspired him to devise a drill that would distribute precise amounts of seed into pre-cut channels. Basic seeding devices had been known for almost 2000 years, but Tull took the concept a stage further. In his device, as the main wheels of the drill turned, the cylinder rotated against a spring-held tongue. This allowed seed to pass evenly from the hopper above to a funnel below. From here, the seed was directed at regular intervals into three channels, or furrows, in the earth. These were dug to a specific depth by the blades at the front of the machine. Spikes at the back of the machine then turned the soil over to immediately cover the seeds. Tull’s ‘seed drill’ would limit the wastage of seed, and as the seedlings grew in uniform rows, it would also make it easier to remove any unwanted weeds growing among the crop. Accordingly, each plant would have more space to grow, and although there would be fewer plants, the net yield would be greater.
D    Initially the machine was only a limited success, and in 1711 Tull decided to travel around Europe again, both to improve his health and to study agricultural techniques there. Upon his return in 1714, he perfected both his system and machinery. Following practices he had observed in the vine-growing methods of southern Europe, he used an animal-drawn hoe to turn over and pulverise the earth between the rows. He wrongly believed that this practice would release enough nutrients in the soil to nourish the crop, and so eliminate the need for manure to be used to fertilise the soil. His experiments were apparently successful, as he did manage to grow wheat in the same field for 13 successive years without the use of manure. However, it is more likely that it was the turning over and pulverisation of the soil that cut down on the volume of weeds competing with the seed.
E    Tull’s complete system eventually proved to be a major influence in the agricultural revolution, and its impact can still be seen in today’s methods. Most subsequent drilling and hoeing implements have been either copies of, or improvements upon his inventions, and his modifications to the basic model of the plough continue to be visible in modern versions. Tull also advocated the use of horses over the oxen, more traditionally used to pull farm machinery, and published a book in 1731 outlining this and other ideas to enhance agricultural efficiency. The book caused great controversy when it appeared, and resistance to his revolutionary theories persisted for many decades. Another century would pass before his eventual vindication. It was only following the editing of his writings in 1822, and the subsequent translations and acceptance in France, that Tull’s ideas finally achieved recognition in his native land. Although in his lifetime Tull’s methods and inventions were dismissed and ridiculed, they were gradually adopted by large landowners, and in time, came to form the basis of modern agriculture.

<ul>
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1. {hopper}
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Dẫn chứng: “…allowed seed to pass evenly from the hopper above…”
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Giải thích: Đây là bộ phận nằm ở trên cùng của máy, đóng vai trò như một thùng chứa hoặc phễu lớn để đổ hạt giống vào trước khi bắt đầu gieo.
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</ul>
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2. {cylinder}
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Dẫn chứng: “…the cylinder rotated against a spring-held tongue.”
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Giải thích: Hạt từ hopper rơi xuống và được điều tiết bởi một khối hình trụ xoay tròn. Bộ phận này giúp hạt được phân phối đều đặn thay vì rơi tự do.
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3. {funnel}
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Dẫn chứng: “…to a funnel below. From here, the seed was directed at regular intervals into three channels…”
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Giải thích: Sau khi đi qua cylinder, hạt giống rơi vào một cái phễu dẫn phía dưới để hướng hạt vào đúng các rãnh đất đã được đào sẵn.
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</ul>
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4. {spikes}
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Dẫn chứng: “Spikes at the back of the machine then turned the soil over to immediately cover the seeds.”
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Giải thích: Đây là bộ phận nằm ở phía sau cùng của máy. Những chiếc gai/răng sắt này có nhiệm vụ gạt đất lấp đầy các rãnh, đảm bảo hạt giống được bảo vệ dưới lòng đất ngay lập tức.
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Questions 1–4

5. What name was given to the traditional technique of seed-sowing?
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Đáp án: {broadcasting}
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Dẫn chứng: “…in a traditional method known as broadcasting.” (Đoạn B)
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Giải thích: Trước khi có máy móc, nông dân thường vung hạt bằng tay một cách ngẫu nhiên, kỹ thuật này được gọi là “broadcasting”.
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6. What type of agriculture gave Tull inspiration on his second tour of Europe?
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Đáp án: {vine-growing methods}
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Dẫn chứng: “Following practices he had observed in the vine-growing methods of southern Europe…” (Đoạn D)
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Giải thích: Việc quan sát cách người châu Âu trồng nho đã giúp Tull nảy ra ý tưởng xới đất giữa các hàng cây để diệt cỏ và cung cấp dưỡng chất.
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7. What traditional addition to soil did Tull believe to be unnecessary?
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Đáp án: {manure}
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Dẫn chứng: “…eliminate the need for manure to be used to fertilise the soil.” (Đoạn D)
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Giải thích: Tull tin rằng việc xới đất kỹ (pulverisation) là đủ để nuôi cây, do đó không cần dùng đến phân chuồng (manure) truyền thống.
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8. What animals did Tull recommend farmers should use to pull their machinery?
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Đáp án: {horses}
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Dẫn chứng: “Tull also advocated the use of horses over the oxen…” (Đoạn E)
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Giải thích: Thay vì dùng bò (oxen) chậm chạp, Tull khuyến khích dùng ngựa để kéo máy móc nhằm tăng hiệu suất.
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Questions 5–8

9. Tull was employed in the legal profession before taking up farming.
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Đáp án: {FALSE}
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Dẫn chứng: “…ill health caused him to postpone these plans… after qualifying as a barrister in 1699, he made a tour of Europe…” (Đoạn A)
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Giải thích: Mặc dù đã đủ điều kiện làm luật sư, nhưng vì sức khỏe yếu, ông đã trì hoãn kế hoạch đó và đi du lịch trước khi quay về làm nông. Ông chưa từng thực sự “hành nghề” (employed) trong ngành luật.
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</ul>
10. The staff on Tull’s farm were unwilling to follow his instructions.
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Đáp án: {TRUE}
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Dẫn chứng: “…his frustration with their lack of co-operation prompted him to invent a machine…” (Đoạn B)
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Giải thích: Việc nhân viên thiếu hợp tác (lack of co-operation) chính là sự “không sẵn lòng” (unwilling) tuân thủ hướng dẫn gieo hạt mật độ thấp của Tull.
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11. Tull reduced the amount of weeds in his Wheatfield.
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Đáp án: {TRUE}
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Dẫn chứng: “…it is more likely that it was the turning over… that cut down on the volume of weeds…” (Đoạn D)
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Giải thích: Mặc dù Tull nhầm về việc xới đất thay thế được phân bón, nhưng hành động này thực tế đã giúp giảm đáng kể lượng cỏ dại (cut down on the volume of weeds).
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12. Tull lived to see his ideas finally accepted.
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Đáp án: {FALSE}
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Dẫn chứng: “Another century would pass before his eventual vindication. …in his lifetime Tull’s methods… were dismissed and ridiculed.” (Đoạn E)
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Giải thích: Suốt đời ông chỉ bị chế giễu và bác bỏ. Phải một thế kỷ sau khi ông mất, các ý tưởng của ông mới được chấp nhận rộng rãi.
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</ul>
13. Tull’s original book, published in 1731, sold very few copies.
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Đáp án: {NOT GIVEN}
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Dẫn chứng: “The book caused great controversy when it appeared…” (Đoạn E)
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Giải thích: Bài đọc chỉ nói cuốn sách gây ra “tranh cãi lớn”, nhưng không cung cấp số liệu hay thông tin nào về việc doanh số bán sách là cao hay thấp.
</li>
</ul>

Questions 9–13 

PASSAGE 1

How do plants talk to each other?
Research shows that plants communicate and interact with each other in surprisingly subtle and sophisticated ways.
{The widespread rejection of an idea}
In 1983, plant scientists Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin reported that healthy young maple trees increased their defense systems when exposed to maples that had been damaged by plant-eating (herbivorous) insects. The injured trees, they suggested, were alerting neighbors to the presence of a predator by releasing chemical signals into the air. But the plant research community did not accept this. The results were difficult to replicate, critics pointed out. Many also questioned how a trait could be evolutionarily stable if it benefited neighboring plants but not the plant releasing the signal. By the late 1980s, most ecologists felt that Schultz and Baldwin’s ideas had been discredited.
{Evidence leading to renewed belief in a theory}
A decade later, however, a number of more carefully designed experiments began to yield convincing indications to the contrary. In 2000, evolutionary ecologist Richard Karban showed that wild tobacco plants became resistant to herbivores when grown in close proximity to sagebrush plants whose leaves had been damaged by cutting. This change appeared to be in response to chemicals – known as volatile organic compounds or VOCs – released by the sagebrush plants. Other researchers soon reported similar VOC-induced defense responses in several other plants, including lima bean, broad bean, barley, and corn. And in 2006, Karban showed that VOCs released by damaged sagebrush induce herbivore resistance in plants growing at distances of up to 60 cm, well within the range of sagebrush neighbors in nature.
{A suggested benefit to the sender of plant communication}
But the question still remains: ‘Why should a plant waste valuable resources on a function which has no obvious advantage for it?’ One hypothesis is that external communication channels are merely an extension of within-plant signaling. In sagebrush, lima bean, and poplar, VOCs released from damaged parts of a plant induce resistance in intact sections of the same plant, suggesting that each individual plant uses the signals to coordinate its own physiological responses to protect itself. Karban agrees, saying, ‘The interplant signaling we see may be a result of plants co-opting that process.’ Alternatively, VOC-based signaling between plants may have been favored because it enhances the ‘extended fitness’ of the sender by aiding related plants of the same species: a strategy known as kin selection.
{Sending messages underground}
Over the past few years, a team led by Ariel Novoplansky of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in Israel seems to have found proof that distress signals can be passed through the plants’ roots. They planted garden pea plants in rows and subjected the first in each row to conditions similar to those experienced in a drought. They then evaluated the response by measuring the microscopic holes on leaves, known as pores, which react when there is a shortage of water. After fifteen minutes, the stressed plant was seen to be closing its pores, followed by all of its neighbors, one by one. Importantly, in a control setup where root contact between neighboring plants was blocked, pores stayed open. Meanwhile, David Johnson’s team at the University of Aberdeen in Scotland have been studying the labyrinths of hair-like fungi that occur around the roots of most plants. These fungi are involved in an important two-way relationship: in exchange for sugars, they provide plants with much-needed phosphorus and nitrogen. Research in which broad bean plants were infested with aphids – small herbivorous insects – revealed that these networks also served as a channel for warning neighboring plants of the infestation.
{One species accelerating growth in another}
Monica Gagliano of the University of Western Australia believes that plants may even use sounds to alert their neighbors. In one study, she demonstrated that chili plant seedlings grown next to fennel plants developed more quickly than seedlings grown with other chili plants. Gagliano and her colleagues suspect the chili plants were compensating for the presence of the fennel, which is known to release chemicals that inhibit the growth of other plants. Remarkably, however, when plant communication pathways – airborne volatiles, root contact, and common fungal networks – were blocked, the results begged for an alternative explanation. ‘We think this other channel of communication might be acoustic,’ said Gagliano. But behavioral ecologist Carel ten Cate of the University of Leiden in the Netherlands points out that taking advantage of such benefits would require sensory mechanisms yet to be described in plants. Despite widespread skepticism, Gagliano has received some encouragement. Richard Karban, for example, is cautiously enthusiastic. ‘Whether or not the explanation she favors is the right one,’ he says, ‘I think that she’s gotten results that, as a field, we need to come to grips with.’
{Potential advantages for farmers}
Researchers believe that knowledge of this phenomenon could eventually be applied to agriculture, and lead to the cultivation of hardier crops. But all agree that there is still much work to be done. ‘Applying our limited knowledge [of plant-communication mechanisms] to agriculture is a big jump,’ says Johnson, ‘but it is definitely on the horizon.’ Nevertheless, one message has emerged loud and clear from those studying this new realm of botanical interaction: despite not possessing eyes, ears, or a nervous system, plants are anything but uncommunicative. ‘During my PhD [in the late 1980s], all this stuff was considered very weird,’ recalls Ariel Novoplansky. ‘Today, there is no doubt that we now recognise that plants are capable of some very sophisticated exchanges of information with other plants. This idea is not strange anymore.’

<ul>
<li>14.</li>
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Đoạn 1: {The widespread rejection of an idea}
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Dẫn chứng: “…the plant research community did not accept this. …most ecologists felt that Schultz and Baldwin’s ideas had been discredited.”
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Giải thích: Đoạn này nói về việc các nhà khoa học ban đầu bác bỏ ý tưởng thực vật biết “báo động” cho nhau..
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</li>
<li>15.</li>
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Đoạn 2: {Evidence leading to renewed belief in a theory}
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Dẫn chứng: “…a number of more carefully designed experiments began to yield convincing indications to the contrary.”
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Giải thích: Sau một thập kỷ, các thí nghiệm của Richard Karban và các cộng sự đã đưa ra bằng chứng thuyết phục để hồi sinh lý thuyết này.
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</ul>
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<li>16.</li>
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Đoạn 3: {A suggested benefit to the sender of plant communication}
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Dẫn chứng: “One hypothesis is that external communication channels are merely an extension of within-plant signaling… to protect itself.”
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Giải thích: Đoạn này giải thích lợi ích của chính cái cây phát tín hiệu (để tự bảo vệ các phần khác của chính nó) chứ không chỉ giúp hàng xóm.
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</ul>
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<li>17.</li>
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Đoạn 4: {Sending messages underground}
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Dẫn chứng: “…distress signals can be passed through the plants’ roots. …labyrinths of hair-like fungi that occur around the roots…”
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Giải thích: Tập trung vào kênh giao tiếp dưới lòng đất qua rễ và mạng lưới nấm.
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</ul>
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<li>18.</li>
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Đoạn 5: {One species accelerating growth in another}
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Dẫn chứng: “…chili plant seedlings grown next to fennel plants developed more quickly than seedlings grown with other chili plants.”
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Giải thích: Ví dụ về việc cây ớt phát triển nhanh hơn khi ở gần cây thì là (fennel).
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</ul>
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<li>19.</li>
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Đoạn 6: {Potential advantages for farmers}
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Dẫn chứng: “…could eventually be applied to agriculture, and lead to the cultivation of hardier crops.”
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Giải thích: Nói về triển vọng ứng dụng kiến thức này vào nông nghiệp để tạo ra cây trồng chống chịu tốt hơn.
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Questions 14–19

20. Plants may send messages via their {roots}…
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Dẫn chứng: “…distress signals can be passed through the plants’ roots.” (Đoạn 4)
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</ul>
21. …created conditions like a {drought} around the first plant…
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Dẫn chứng: “…subjected the first in each row to conditions similar to those experienced in a drought.” (Đoạn 4)
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</ul>
22. …focused on the networks of {fungi} which connect the plants…
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Dẫn chứng: “…labyrinths of hair-like fungi that occur around the roots of most plants.” (Đoạn 4)
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</ul>
23. …plant-eating insects called {aphids} have also produced some interesting results.
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Dẫn chứng: “…broad bean plants were infested with aphids – small herbivorous insects…” (Đoạn 4)
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Questions 20–23

24. It is likely that research… will one day help to improve our food supply — {C} David Johnson
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Dẫn chứng: “‘Applying our limited knowledge… to agriculture is a big jump,’ says Johnson, ‘but it is definitely on the horizon.’” (Đoạn 6)
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25. Plant communication could occur as a consequence of internal mechanisms… — {A} Richard Karban
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Dẫn chứng: “Karban agrees, saying, ‘The interplant signaling we see may be a result of plants co-opting that process [within-plant signaling].’” (Đoạn 3)
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</ul>
26. Attitudes towards plant communication have changed greatly in recent decades — {B} Ariel Novoplansky
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Dẫn chứng: “‘During my PhD [in the late 1980s], all this stuff was considered very weird,’ recalls Ariel Novoplansky. ‘Today, there is no doubt…’” (Đoạn 6)
</li>
</ul>

Questions 24–26

PASSAGE 2

Inside the mind of a fan
How watching sport affects the brain
A At about the same time that the poet Homer invented the epic here, the ancient Greeks started a festival in which men competed in a single race, about 200 metres long. The winner received a branch of wild olives. The Greeks called this celebration the Olympics. Through the ancient sprint remains, today the Olympics are far more than that. Indeed, the Games seem to celebrate the dream of progress as embodied in the human form.
That the Games are intoxicating to watch is beyond question. During the Athens Olympics in 2004, 3.4 billion people, half the world, watched them on television. Certainly, being a spectator is a thrilling experience: but why?
B In 1996, three Italian neuroscientists, Giacomo Rizzolatti, Leonardo Forgassi and Vittorio Gallese, examined the premotor cortex of monkeys. The discovered that inside these primate brains there were groups of cells that ‘store vocabularies of motor actions’. Just as there are grammars of movement.
These networks of cells are the bodily ‘sentences’ we use every day, the ones our brain has chosen to retain and refine. Think, for example, about a golf swing. To those who have only watched the Master’s Tournament on TV, golfing seems easy. To the novice, however, the skill of casting a smooth arc with a lop-side metal stick is virtually impossible.
This is because most novices swing with their consciousness, using an area of brain next to the premotor cortex. To the expert, on the other hand, a perfectly balanced stroke is second nature. For him, the motor action has become memorized, and the movements are embedded in the neurons of his premotor cortex. He hits the ball with the tranquility of his perfected autopilot. I E L T S XP RESS
C These neurons in the premotor cortex, besides explaining why certain athletes seem to possess almost unbelievable levels of skill, have an even more amazing characteristic, one that caused Rizzolatti, Fogassi and Gallese to give them the lofty title ‘mirror neurons’. They note, The main functional characteristic of mirror neurons is that they become active both when the monkey performs a particular action (for example, grasping an object or holding it) and, astonishingly, when it sees another individual performing a similar action.’
Humans have an even more elaborate mirror neuron system. These peculiar cells mirror, inside the brain, the outside world: they enable us to internalize the actions of another. In order to be activated, though, these cells require what the scientists call ‘goal-orientated movements’. If we are staring at a photograph, a fixed image of a runner mid-stride, our mirror neurons are totally silent. They only fire when the runner is active: running, moving or sprinting. IELTS Xpress
D What these electrophysiological studies indicate is that when we watch a golfer or a runner in action, the mirror neurons in our own premotor cortex light up as if we were the ones competing. This phenomenon of neural mirror was first discovered in 1954, when two French physiologists, Gastaut and Berf, found that the brains of humans vibrate with two distinct wavelengths, alpha and mu.
The mu system is involved in neural mirroring. It is active when your bodies are still, and disappears whenever we do something active, like playing a sport or changing the TV channel. The surprising fact is that the mu signal is also quiet when we watch someone else being active, as on TV, these results are the effect of mirror neurons.
E Rizzolatti, Fogassi and Gallese call the idea for mirror neurons the ‘direct matching hypothesis’. They believe that we only understand the movement of sports stars when we ‘map the visual representation of the observed action onto our motor representation of the same action’. According to this theory, watching an Olympic athlete ‘causes the motor system of the observer to resonate.
The “motor knowledge” of the observer is used to understand the observed action.’ But mirror neurons are more than just the neural basis for our attitude to sport. It turns out that watching a great golfer makes us better golfers, and watching a great sprinter actually makes us run faster.
This ability to learn by watching is a crucial skill. From the acquisition of language as infants to learning facial expressions, mimesis (copying) is an essential part of being conscious. The best athletes are those with a premotor cortex capable of imagining the movements of victory, together with the physical properties to make those movements real.
F But how many of us regularly watch sports in order to be a better athlete? Rather, we watch sport for the feeling, the human drama. This feeling also derives from mirror neurons. By letting spectators share in the motions of victory, they also allow us to share in its feelings. This is because they are directly connected to the amygdale, one of the main brain regions involved in emotion.
During the Olympics, the mirror neurons of whole nations will be electrically identical, their athletes causing spectators to feel, just for a second or two, the same thing. Watching sports brings people together. Most of us will never run a mile in under four minutes, or hit a home run. Our consolation comes in watching, when we gather around the TV, we all feel, just for a moment, what it is to do something perfectly.

27. an explanation of why watching sport may be emotionally satisfying — {F}
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Dẫn chứng: “This feeling also derives from mirror neurons. …they also allow us to share in its feelings. This is because they are directly connected to the amygdala, one of the main brain regions involved in emotion.”
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Giải thích: Đoạn F giải thích mối liên hệ giữa tế bào thần kinh gương và hạch hạnh nhân (amygdala), giúp người xem chia sẻ cảm xúc chiến thắng với vận động viên.
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</ul>
28. an explanation of why beginners find sporting tasks difficult — {B}
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Dẫn chứng: “This is because most novices swing with their consciousness, using an area of brain next to the premotor cortex.”
</li>
<li>
Giải thích: Người mới bắt đầu (novices) gặp khó khăn vì họ dùng ý thức để điều khiển hành động, thay vì dùng các phản xạ đã được “lập trình” trong vỏ não tiền vận động như các chuyên gia.
</li>
</ul>
29. a factor that needs to combine with mirroring to attain sporting excellence — {E}
<ul data-path-to-node="9">
<li>
Dẫn chứng: “The best athletes are those with a premotor cortex capable of imagining the movements… together with the physical properties to make those movements real.”
</li>
<li>
Giải thích: Để đạt đến đỉnh cao, khả năng mô phỏng trong não bộ (mirroring) phải kết hợp với các tố chất thể chất thực tế.
</li>
</ul>
30. a comparison of human and animal mirror neurons — {C}
<ul data-path-to-node="11">
<li>
Dẫn chứng: “Humans have an even more elaborate mirror neuron system [than monkeys].”
</li>
<li>
Giải thích: Đoạn C so sánh hệ thống tế bào thần kinh gương của người và khỉ, nhấn mạnh rằng ở người nó phức tạp và tinh vi hơn.
</li>
</ul>
31. the first discovery of brain activity related to mirror neurons — {D}
<ul data-path-to-node="13">
<li>
Dẫn chứng: “This phenomenon of neural mirror was first discovered in 1954, when two French physiologists… found that the brains of humans vibrate with two distinct wavelengths…”
</li>
<li>
Giải thích: Đoạn D nhắc về mốc thời gian 1954 và phát hiện về sóng alpha/mu, tiền thân của các nghiên cứu về tế bào thần kinh gương sau này.
</li>
</ul>
32. a claim linking observation to improvement in performance — {E}
<ul data-path-to-node="15">
<li>
Dẫn chứng: “It turns out that watching a great golfer makes us better golfers, and watching a great sprinter actually makes us run faster.”
</li>
<li>
Giải thích: Đoạn E khẳng định việc quan sát (watching/observation) giúp cải thiện kỹ năng thực tế của người xem.
</li>
</ul>

Questions 27-32

33. The writer uses the term ‘grammar of movement’ to mean — {C} a pattern of connected cells.
<ul data-path-to-node="19">
<li>
Dẫn chứng: “…inside these primate brains there were groups of cells that ‘store vocabularies of motor actions’. Just as there are grammars of movement.”
</li>
<li>
Giải thích: “Ngữ pháp của chuyển động” ở đây được dùng để ẩn dụ cho các mạng lưới tế bào thần kinh kết nối với nhau để lưu trữ các chuỗi hành động.
</li>
</ul>
34. The writer states that expert players perform their actions — {A} without conscious thought.
<ul data-path-to-node="21">
<li>
Dẫn chứng: “For him [the expert], the motor action has become memorized… He hits the ball with the tranquility of his perfected autopilot.”
</li>
<li>
Giải thích: Vận động viên chuyên nghiệp thực hiện hành động như một “chế độ lái tự động” (autopilot), tức là không cần suy nghĩ bằng ý thức (conscious thought).
</li>
</ul>
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35. The writer states that the most common motive for watching sport is — {C} experience strong positive emotions.
<ul data-path-to-node="24">
<li>
Dẫn chứng: “But how many of us regularly watch sports in order to be a better athlete? Rather, we watch sport for the feeling, the human drama.”
</li>
<li>
Giải thích: Động cơ chính không phải để học tập mà là để trải nghiệm cảm xúc và kịch tính của con người.
</li>
</ul>

Questions 33-35

36. Inexpert sports players are too aware of what they are doing. — {YES}
<ul data-path-to-node="28">
<li>
Dẫn chứng: “…most novices swing with their consciousness…” (Đoạn B)
</li>
<li>
Giải thích: Việc sử dụng ý thức quá nhiều đồng nghĩa với việc họ quá chú tâm/nhận thức rõ từng cử động mình đang làm, điều này cản trở sự mượt mà.
</li>
</ul>
37. Monkeys have a more complex mirror neuron system than humans. — {NO}
<ul data-path-to-node="30">
<li>
Dẫn chứng: “Humans have an even more elaborate mirror neuron system.” (Đoạn C)
</li>
<li>
Giải thích: Bài đọc khẳng định hệ thống của người phức tạp hơn của khỉ, trái ngược hoàn toàn với câu hỏi.
</li>
</ul>
38. Looking at a photograph can activate mirror neurons. — {NO}
<ul data-path-to-node="32">
<li>
Dẫn chứng: “If we are staring at a photograph… our mirror neurons are totally silent.” (Đoạn C)
</li>
<li>
Giải thích: Tế bào thần kinh gương chỉ hoạt động khi thấy hành động thực tế, không phải ảnh tĩnh.
</li>
</ul>
39. Gastaut and Bert were both researchers and sports players. — {NOT GIVEN}
<ul data-path-to-node="34">
<li>
Dẫn chứng: “…two French physiologists, Gastaut and Bert, found that…” (Đoạn D)
</li>
<li>
Giải thích: Bài đọc chỉ giới thiệu họ là nhà sinh lý học, không có thông tin họ có phải là người chơi thể thao hay không.
</li>
</ul>
40. The mu system is at rest when we are engaged in an activity. — {YES}
<ul data-path-to-node="36">
<li>
Dẫn chứng: “The mu system… disappears [is quiet] whenever we do something active…” (Đoạn D)
</li>
<li>
Giải thích: Từ “disappears/quiet” tương ứng với trạng thái nghỉ (at rest) khi não bộ chuyển sang trạng thái thực hiện hành động.
</li>
</ul>

Reading Test 48

IELTS Reading Exam

Lịch sử làm bài

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